Erratum: Prevalence and distribution of selected cervical human papillomavirus types in HIV infected and HIV uninfected women in South Africa, 1989-2021: A narrative review.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.4102/sajid.v37i1.363.].

Nutritional Avocado Intervention Improves Physical Activity Measures in Hispanic/Latino Families: A Cluster RCT.

Introduction: Nutrition and physical activity are key components for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. There remains a paucity of trial data on the effect of specific nutritional interventions on physical activity and sedentary time. One question is how a common nutrient-dense food such as avocado may impact physical activity and sedentary time in Hispanic/Latino families, a group that reports the lowest levels of physical activity. Design: This is a 6-month clustered RCT. Setting/participants: Seventy-two families (235 individuals) who identified as Hispanic/Latino were enrolled through the San Ysidro Health Center (San Diego, CA) between April 2017 and June 2018. Intervention: After a 2-week run-in period, 35 families were randomized to the intervention arm (14 avocados/family/week), and 37 families were assigned to the control arm (3 avocados/family/week). Main outcome measures: Linear mixed-effects models were used to assess changes in physical activity (MET minutes per week) between the groups during the 6-month trial. Secondary outcomes included sedentary time (minutes/week), BMI, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Results: An adherence goal of >80% was achieved for both arms. Total mean physical activity increased by 2,197 MET minutes per week more in the intervention group (p<0.01) than in the control group, driven by between-group differences in moderate (p<0.01) versus vigorous (p=0.06) physical activity. After accounting for longitudinal repeated measures per participant and nested family effects, total adult physical activity remained significantly higher in the intervention than in the control group (+1,163 MET minutes per week on average per participant), with a significant intervention interaction term (p<0.01). There were no significant changes in sedentary time, BMI, or blood pressure. Conclusions: Higher allocation of avocados was associated with significantly higher physical activity and no adverse changes in BMI or blood pressure, suggesting that this nutritional intervention may have beneficial pleiotropic effects.Trial registration: This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02903433.

Prevalence and distribution of selected cervical human papillomavirus types in HIV infected and HIV uninfected women in South Africa, 1989-2021: A narrative review.

Background: Human papillomavirus infection, a causative agent of cervical cancer, is of great concern, more so in populations with high HIV prevalence, such as South Africa. Aim: This review aimed to examine the prevalence and distribution of selected cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) types in HIV infected and HIV uninfected women in South Africa. Methods: PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched using key words. For data integrity, data was assessed by two authors independently. The study inclusion criteria comprised records on cervical HPV, HPV genotyping and HPV type distribution among South African women. Statistical analysis was performed using Social Science Statistics. Results: Sixty-nine articles met the inclusion criteria for analysis. Data on cervical HPV prevalence and type distribution was available only for five of the nine provinces of South Africa. Only 4/69 studies used sequencing as an approach to identify HPV types. In a general population, HPV type 16 was the most frequent (8.80%), followed by types 35 (4.86%), 18 (4.14%), 58 and 52 with the frequency of 3.65% and 3.62%, respectively. Furthermore, the least frequent type was HPV 70 (0.74%). Both HIV infected and HIV uninfected populations had a higher prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) types 16, 18 and 35 than other HPV types; while HPV types 6, 11 and 70 were the least frequent types from these populations. Lastly, HPV 16 was the most predominant type among women with normal (2.03%) and abnormal cervical cytology (6.60%). Conclusion: Expanding on HPV genotyping will improve the knowledge in patterns of HPV type distribution in South Africa that will further help in decision making to improve current diagnostics, and future vaccine development and assessment.

Feasibility and acceptability of self-collection of Human Papillomavirus samples for primary cervical cancer screening on the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua: A mixed-methods study.

Background: Cervical cancer is the primary cause of cancer death for women in Nicaragua, despite being highly preventable through vaccination against high-risk genotypes of the Human Papillomavirus (hrHPV), screening for hrHPV, and early detection of lesions. Despite technological advances designed to increase access to screening in low resource settings, barriers to increasing population-level screening coverage persist. On the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua, only 59% of women have received one lifetime screen, compared to 78.6% of eligible women living on the Pacific and in the Interior. In concordance with the WHO's call for best practices to eliminate cervical cancer, we explored the feasibility and acceptability of self-collection of samples for hrHPV testing on the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua through a multi-year, bi-national, community-based mixed methods study. Methods: Between 2016 and 2019, focus groups (n=25), key informant interviews (n=12) [phase I] and an environmental scan [phase II] were conducted on the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua in partnership and collaboration with long-term research partners at the University of Virginia and community-based organizations. In spring 2020, underscreened women on the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua were recruited and screened for hrHPV, with the choice of clinician collection or self-collection of samples. Results: Over the course of the study, providers and potential patients expressed significant acceptability of self-collection of samples as a strategy to reduce barriers currently contributing to the low rates of screening (phases I and II). Ultimately 99.16% (n=1,767) of women chose to self-collect samples, demonstrating a high level of acceptability of self-collection in this pilot sample (phase III). Similarly, focus groups, key informant interviews, and the environmental scan (phases I and II) of resources indicated critical considerations for feasibility of implementation of both HPV primary screening and subsequently, self-collection of samples. Through phase III, we piloted hrHPV screening (n=1,782), with a 19.25% hrHPV positivity rate. Conclusion: Self-collection of samples for hrHPV testing demonstrated high acceptability and feasibility. Through concerted effort at the local, regional, and national levels, this project supported capacity building in reporting, monitoring, and surveilling cervical cancer screening across the continuum of cervical cancer control.

Neighborhood Socioeconomic Deprivation and Depression Symptoms in Adults From the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL).

Socioeconomic factors appear to impact mental health conditions such as depression, but little is known about the relative and combined role of neighborhood and personal socioeconomic deprivation among Hispanics/Latinos. This study examined cross-sectional associations of neighborhood and personal socioeconomic deprivation with depression symptoms in a US Hispanic/Latino population from the San Diego Field Center of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (n = 3,851). Depression symptoms were assessed with the ten-item Centers for Epidemiological Studies in Depression Scale. Neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation was a composite of eleven variables (e.g., neighborhood income, education, employment, household crowding). Greater personal socioeconomic deprivation based on education, income, and employment was generally associated with higher depression symptoms, including after adjusting for neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation. Greater neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation was associated with higher depression symptoms in females but not males, but the association in females became non-significant when adjusting for personal socioeconomic deprivation. Neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation did not significantly interact with personal socioeconomic deprivation in relation to depression symptoms. The present findings support the association of personal socioeconomic status with mental health (indicated by depression symptoms) among Hispanic/Latino populations, whereas neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation did not relate to depression beyond the impact of personal indicators.

Use of trajectory models to track air pollution from source to exposure: A methodological approach for identifying communities at risk.

OBJECTIVE: Ongoing environmental changes increasingly require public health nurses to understand how environmental factors impact the health of populations. One approach to researching these impacts is incorporating environmental research methods to determine associations between harmful exposures and health. We use the Salton Sea in Southern California as a demonstration of how environmental exposure can be examined using air parcel trajectory analysis. DESIGN: We demonstrate a methodology for public health nurses to better understand and apply data from the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory meteorological model to estimate the effect of airborne particulate matter from a single source. MEASUREMENTS: We explain a method for tracking air parcel trajectories to populations: selection of meterological data to identify air parcels, geographic identification of population centers, generation of trajectories, classification of trajectory dispersions, adjusting for atmospheric stability, and merging environmental variables with health data. CONCLUSIONS: Climate change-related environmental events are expected to become more commonplace and disproportionately affect those populations impacted by health disparities. Public health nurses can identify communities at risk so that public health nursing researchers can use these techniques in collaboration with environmental science to robustly examine health effects of proximal air pollution sources for communities at risk.

Feasibility and Acceptability of Tele-Colposcopy on the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua: A Descriptive Mixed-Methods Study.

Background: Cervical cancer, a preventable cancer of disparities, is the primary cause of cancer death for women in Nicaragua. Clinics and personnel in rural and remote Nicaragua may not be accessible to perform recommended screening or follow-up services. Objective: To assess acceptability and feasibility of integrating innovations for high-quality screening and treatment follow-up (tele-colposcopy) into existing pathways on Nicaragua's Caribbean Coast within the context of the National Cervical Cancer Control Program. Methods: Provider focus groups, key informant interviews, and environmental scans were conducted for 13 clinics on the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua. Topics discussed included a smartphone-based mobile colposcope (MobileODT hardware and mobile platform), mobile connectivity capacity, clinic resources, provider acceptability, and current diagnostic and clinical protocols. We tested device connectivity through image upload availability and real-time video connection and simulated clinical encounters utilizing MobileODT and a low-cost cervical simulator. We developed a database of colposcopic images to establish feasibility of integrating this database and clinical characteristics into the cervical cancer registry. Results: Provider acceptability of integrating tele-colposcopy into existing cancer control efforts was high. Image upload connectivity varied by location (mean = 1 h 9 min). Most clinics had running water (84.6%) and consistent electricity (92.3%), but some did not have access to landline telephones (53.8%). Conclusions: As faster connectivity becomes available in remote settings, Mobile Health tools such as tele-colposcopy will be increasingly feasible to provide access to high-quality cervical cancer follow-up. World Health Organization guidance on integrating technology into existing programs will remain important to ensure programmatic efficacy, local relevance, and sustainability.

The Disappearing Lake: A Historical Analysis of Drought and the Salton Sea in the Context of the GeoHealth Framework.

The Imperial Valley region of Southeastern California has become one of the most productive agricultural regions in the state and has the highest rates of childhood asthma in California. Lack of precipitation in the Imperial Valley has caused the water level of the Salton Sea to recede to a record low since its formation in the early 1900s. Previous studies of wind and dust deposition conducted in other regions have shown how reduced precipitation, ground heating, and the diminishing water level in an arid climate pose a risk of exposing previously sequestered toxic chemicals to open air, adversely affecting lung health. The purpose of this study is to draw historical parallels between the Aral Sea and Salton Sea in the context of geomorphology, ecology, human health, economics, and human migration, to inform an assessment of environmentally related health impacts of those living in the Imperial Valley region. Future droughts and heatwaves are expected to rise in frequency and severity, disproportionately affecting those impacted by financial and health disparities. Future research must include the implications of population health in the context of GeoHealth as a result of the most recent drought and the receding water levels of the Salton Sea.

Perceptions of Clinical Trial Participation Among Women of Varying Health Literacy Levels.

PURPOSE: To understand the perceptions of risk, benefit, and the informed consent process after enrolling in and completing a phase 2 clinical trial using intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) for early-stage breast cancer, and to determine how perceptions varied based on women's health literacy levels. PARTICIPANTS & SETTING: 20 participants who had already completed a phase 2 IORT clinical trial for early-stage breast cancer at an academic medical center. METHODOLOGIC APPROACH: A qualitative descriptive study was conducted using structured interviews consisting of questions aimed to elicit responses from participants regarding experiences of informed consent and the research process. A validated brief health literacy questionnaire was used to determine health literacy levels of participants. The authors analyzed themes using inductive thematic analysis. FINDINGS: Women with lower levels of health literacy reported feeling confident enough in the provider to make the decision to enroll in the clinical trial during the initial consultation, and, in general, women reported relying heavily on provider recommendation for enrolling in the clinical trial. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Tailored approaches for patients with limited health literacy are needed during the clinical trial consent process. Additional longitudinal research with a larger sample size can extend study results and provide insight into the most effective way to modify the informed consent process for patients with limited health literacy.

Does patient health literacy impact adherence to adjuvant endocrine therapy in breast cancer patients?

PURPOSE: Functional health literacy is critical for patients' functional understanding and management of disease including adherence to medications and treatment recommendations. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a relationship between self-reported health literacy and 1) decision to take adjuvant endocrine therapy and 2) adherence to adjuvant endocrine therapy at 2 years among women with breast cancer. METHODS: We initiated a prospective health literacy assessment to determine the relationship between health literacy and breast health outcomes. Among our overall cohort, we determined women who had estrogen receptor positive (ER+) disease and were recommended to take adjuvant endocrine therapy, those who initiated treatment, and those adherent at 2 years following diagnosis. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were calculated to determine the relationship between health literacy and both initiation and adherence. RESULTS: Among the 340 patients in the sample who were recommended to take adjuvant endocrine therapy, 296 (87.1%) initiated the therapy. Two-year follow-up data are available in 136 patients with ER+ tumors. Among the patients with 2-year longitudinal data available, 108 (79.4%) were adherent and still taking the endocrine therapy at 2 years following diagnosis. In univariate logistic regression analysis, there was no statistical significance between health literacy and initiation of adjuvant endocrine therapy or adherence to adjuvant endocrine therapy at 2 years. CONCLUSION: Despite the underpinnings regarding health literacy and medication adherence supporting our hypothesis, we did not find an association between health literacy and the decision to initiate therapy or continued adherence at 2 years following diagnosis. Further study is needed to determine the nuances in adherence to adjuvant endocrine therapy for women with breast cancer.

Using Geospatial Analysis to Determine Access Gaps Among Children with Special Healthcare Needs.

Purpose: To examine geospatial gaps in identification and evaluation of children with special healthcare needs (CSHCN) within public child development centers (CDCs). Methods: A descriptive geospatial design was used to visually depict service gaps, proximity, and clustering of area-level sociodemographic attributes of Virginia counties, and patient-level data within each CDC. Results: Geospatial analysis shows population density of uninsured children against CDC resources. Data visualization facilitates policy advocacy based on the identification of care and screening gaps for CSHCN. Conclusion: This project illustrates the collaborative potential between researchers and Health Department members to identify gaps in access to care.

Knowledge, Beliefs, and Attitudes About Breast Cancer Screening in Latin America and the Caribbean: An In-Depth Narrative Review.

Purpose Breast cancer (BCA) is the most common cancer and leading cause of cancer mortality among women in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), and the number of deaths from BCA is expected to continue to increase. Although barriers to care include the physical accessibility of screening resources, personal and cultural barriers must be explored to understand necessary next steps to increase access to preventive care. The purpose of this in-depth narrative literature review was to explore empiric literature that surrounds the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs toward BCA screening practices among women in LAC. To our knowledge, this is the first literature review to include articles from all countries and national languages (Portuguese, English, and Spanish) that pertain to this topic. Methods OVID Medline, CINAHL, and Web of Science/SciELO were used to identify articles. Thirty-five articles were included according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results Themes identified in the literature included knowledge about screening procedures and cause of cancer; knowledge sources; catalysts and deterrents for screening, such as family support, family history; social support or taboo, fear, self-neglect, cost, and transportation; and the perception of the screening experience. Conclusion In addition to physical availability of resources and health care personnel, there is a necessity for culturally competent community educational interventions across all aspects of BCA screening and prevention. In light of the barriers to preventive health care, providers such as nurses and community health workers are uniquely qualified to provide culturally appropriate and individualized health education to address cultural and psychological barriers to BCA screening.

Impact of patient health literacy on surgical treatment of breast cancer.

Little is known about the role of low health literacy (LHL) among breast surgical oncology patients. We initiated a prospective health literacy assessment to determine the relationship between health literacy and surgical treatment. Among 512 patients, univariate analysis revealed no statistical significance in the relationship of health literacy to breast surgery type, contralateral prophylactic mastectomy, or reconstruction following mastectomy. In a multivariate analysis, women with LHL were less likely to undergo reconstruction (aOR 0.81, 95% CI 0.69-0.94, P value = .006). Tailored interventions are needed to combat disparities in cancer treatment associated with LHL, with focus on reconstruction following mastectomy.

Community Health Workers and the Management of Noncommunicable Diseases Among Rural Health Clinics in Limpopo Province, South Africa: A Pilot Study.

South Africa's rise in noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and health care provider shortages has generated the need for community health workers (CHWs) in rural areas. However, roles and interactions with clinic staff are not well understood. Interviews with health care workers at community clinics in Limpopo Province revealed common themes, including resource scarcity, clinic-patient partnerships, management of NCDs, and collaboration between professionals. The data did not support CHW-physician interactions, necessitating further research to describe these practices and to evaluate CHWs' impact on patient outcomes. The CHW involvement in rural clinics is essential to patient-clinic partnerships and may help close treatment gaps in resource-poor areas.

Health Literacy Assessment: Feasibility in a Breast Surgical Oncology Clinic

Health literacy is recognized as an integral component of high-quality health care. However, health literacy has been understudied in the context of cancer care delivery and surgical decision making. The goal of this article is to outline a process for implementation of a health literacy screening assessment within the routine practices of an academic breast surgical oncology clinic. The self-reported health literacy assessment is feasible, particularly with integration of the health literacy screen in the electronic health record. The authors' estimated clinic prevalence of low health literacy was 22%, which has numerous implications for communication and shared decision-making processes.
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Retinal Thickening and Photoreceptor Loss in HIV Eyes without Retinitis.

PURPOSE: To determine the presence of structural changes in HIV retinae (i.e., photoreceptor density and retinal thickness in the macula) compared with age-matched HIV-negative controls. METHODS: Cohort of patients with known HIV under CART (combination Antiretroviral Therapy) treatment were examined with a flood-illuminated retinal AO camera to assess the cone photoreceptor mosaic and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) to assess retinal layers and retinal thickness. RESULTS: Twenty-four eyes of 12 patients (n = 6 HIV-positive and 6 HIV-negative) were imaged with the adaptive optics camera. In each of the regions of interest studied (nasal, temporal, superior, inferior), the HIV group had significantly less mean cone photoreceptor density compared with age-matched controls (difference range, 4,308-6,872 cones/mm2). A different subset of forty eyes of 20 patients (n = 10 HIV-positive and 10 HIV-negative) was included in the retinal thickness measurements and retinal layer segmentation with the SD-OCT. We observed significant thickening in HIV positive eyes in the total retinal thickness at the foveal center, and in each of the three horizontal B-scans (through the macular center, superior, and inferior to the fovea). We also noted that the inner retina (combined thickness from ILM through RNFL to GCL layer) was also significantly thickened in all the different locations scanned compared with HIV-negative controls. CONCLUSION: Our present study shows that the cone photoreceptor density is significantly reduced in HIV retinae compared with age-matched controls. HIV retinae also have increased macular retinal thickness that may be caused by inner retinal edema secondary to retinovascular disease in HIV. The interaction of photoreceptors with the aging RPE, as well as possible low-grade ocular inflammation causing diffuse inner retinal edema, may be the key to the progressive vision changes in HIV-positive patients without overt retinitis.

Visual function assessment in simulated real-life situations in HIV-infected subjects.

Visual function abnormalities are common in people living with HIV disease (PLWH) without retinitis, even after improvement in immune status. Abnormalities such as reduced contrast sensitivity, altered color vision, peripheral visual field loss, and electrophysiological changes are related to a combination of retinal dysfunctions, involving inner and outer retinal structures. The standard protocol for testing vision performance in clinical practice is the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart. However, this method poorly correlates with activities of daily living that require patients to assess visual stimuli in multiple light/contrast conditions, and with limited time. We utilized a novel interactive computer program (Central Vision Analyzer) to analyze vision performance in PLWH under a variety of light/contrast conditions that simulate stressful and real-world environments. The program tests vision in a time-dependent way that we believe better correlates with daily living activities than the non-timed ETDRS chart. We also aimed to correlate visual scores with retinal neuro-fiber layer thickness on optical coherence tomography. Here we show that visual acuity is more affected in PLWH in comparison to HIV-seronegative controls in varying contrast and luminance, especially if the nadir CD4+ T-cell count was lower than 100 cells/mm3. Visual impairment reflects the loss of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness especially of the temporal-inferior sector. In PLWH the ETDRS chart test led to better visual acuity compared to the Central Vision Analyzer equivalent test, likely because patients had indefinite time to guess the letters. This study confirms and strengthens the finding that visual function is affected in PLWH even in absence of retinitis, since we found that the HIV serostatus is the best predictor of visual loss. The Central Vision Analyzer may be useful in the diagnosis of subclinical HIV-associated visual loss in multiple light/contrast conditions, and may offer better understanding of this entity called "neuroretinal disorder".

Influence of scanning density on macular choroidal volume measurement using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the impact of scanning density on macular choroidal volume measurement using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). METHODS: Thirty eyes of normal subjects underwent consecutive raster choroidal scanning protocols using SD-OCT in enhanced-depth imaging mode. Manual choroidal segmentation was performed using the built-in automated retinal segmentation software to obtain five analyses with different inter-scan distances, including inter-scan distances of 30 µm, 60 µm, 120 µm, 240 µm, and 480 µm. The built-in software of the device automatically generated the choroidal thickness and volume map in the similar manner as for the retinal volume map, using the standardized Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grid. For each raster scan, mean absolute difference and relative difference of mean foveal choroidal thickness (FCT), foveal choroidal volume (FCV) and total macular choroidal volume (TCV) in comparison to "true value" (i.e., 30-µm inter-scan distance) were calculated. RESULTS: The maximum relative differences were 10% and 16% for TCV and FCV respectively. For mean FCT, the maximum absolute difference was 31 µm, and maximum relative difference was 12.7%. No statistically significant differences were found in measurements of mean foveal choroidal thickness (p = 0.912) and volume (p = 0.944), as well as macular choroidal volume (p = 0.912), with varying inter-scan distance. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that approximately 16 scans over the macula with a inter-scan distance of 480 µm is sufficient to provide a clinically relevant and reliable choroidal thickness/volume map. This information could be useful in the design of choroidal scanning protocols for future clinical trials.

Repeatability and reproducibility of manual choroidal volume measurements using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of manual choroidal volume (CV) measurements by spectral domain- optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) using enhanced depth imaging (EDI). METHODS: Sixty eyes of 32 patients with or without any ocular chorioretinal diseases were enrolled prospectively. Thirty-one choroidal scans were performed on each eye, centered at the fovea, using a raster protocol. Two masked observers demarcated choroidal boundaries by using built-in automated retinal segmentation software on two separate sessions. Observers were masked to each other's and their own previous readings. A standardized grid centered on the fovea was positioned automatically by OCT software, and values for average CVs and total CVs in three concentric rings were noted. The agreement between the intraobserver measurements or interobserver measurements was assessed using the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). Bland-Altman plots were used to assess the clinically relevant magnitude of differences between inter- and intraobserver measurements. RESULTS: The interobserver CCC for the overall average CV was very high, 0.9956 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.991-0.9968). CCCs for all three Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study concentric rings between two graders was 0.98 to 0.99 (95% CI, 0.97-0.98). Similarly intraobserver repeatability of two graders also ranged from 0.98 to 0.99. The interobserver coefficient of reproducibility was approximately 0.42 (95% CI, 0.34-0.5 mm(3)) for the average CV. CONCLUSIONS: CV measurement by manual segmentation using built-in automated retinal segmentation software on EDI-SD-OCT is highly reproducible and repeatable and has a very small range of variability.